What is malaria?
Malaria, formerly also known as paludism, is a disease caused by a parasite named Plasmodium. This parasite is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. There are several types of Plasmodium, and certain individuals are more at risk of developing severe forms of the disease, especially young children under the age of five. Just a single bite is sufficient to contract the disease, and it’s possible to be infected multiple times. In some cases, the parasite can even reactivate months or even years after the initial infection.
Where is malaria found?
Malaria is present in various regions across the globe, but the level of risk differs from one country to another. Here’s an overview of the affected areas, categorized by risk levels:
High risk
Sub-Saharan Africa
– This is the most affected region, with a very high risk in countries such as:
- Nigeria
- the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Burkina Faso
- Mali
- Tanzania
- Uganda
Oceania
- Papua New Guinea
- Solomon Islands
Medium risk
South and Southeast Asia
– Certain areas are heavily affected, but the risk is more localized in certain countries:
- India (especially in rural areas)
- Bangladesh
- Myanmar
- Cambodia
- Vietnam
- Indonesia (particularly in Borneo and West Papua)
South and Central America:
- Brazil (Amazon region)
- Colombia
- Peru
- Venezuela
- Guyana
Low risk
The Caribbean
- Haiti
- Certain areas of the Dominican Republic
Central America
- Some parts of Mexico
- Guatemala
- Honduras
If you are travelling to any of these regions, it is advised to protect yourself against mosquito bites and check if preventive medication is recommended.
Who are the people most at risk of contracting malaria?
Some individuals are more vulnerable to malaria and may develop more severe forms of the disease:
- Pregnant women: Their immune system is more fragile, and malaria can lead to complications for both them and their baby.
- Children under five years old: Their bodies are still developing, making them more susceptible to infections.
- People living in sub-Saharan Africa: Since malaria is widespread there, the risk of exposure is higher.
- Populations living in remote areas: Limited access to healthcare complicates quick diagnosis and treatment.
To protect these groups, it’s essential to adopt preventive measures, such as using insecticide-treated mosquito nets and ensuring rapid access to treatment in case of infection.
Does malaria transmit from one person to another?
No, malaria is not directly transmitted from one person to another. The primary mode of transmission is through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito that has previously bitten an infected person. Therefore, the mosquito acts as an intermediary, transferring the parasite from one person to another. However, in rare cases, malaria can be transmitted by other means, such as through a blood transfusion or from mother to baby during pregnancy. If you are travelling to areas where malaria is prevalent, it’s important to take preventive measures to avoid mosquito bites, but the risk of direct transmission between people is low.
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Malaria typically begins with mild symptoms that can resemble those of other infections, such as:
- Fever
- Chills
- Headache
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Muscle aches
If the disease worsens, more severe symptoms may develop, indicating a serious form of malaria. These include:
- Extreme fatigue and weakness
- Confusion or reduced consciousness
- Seizures
- Difficulty breathing
- Dark or bloody urine
- Jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin)
- Abnormal bleeding or bruising
- Coma
Recognizing these symptoms early is crucial, as prompt treatment can save lives. If you exhibit signs of malaria after travelling to an at-risk area, seek medical attention immediately.
How is malaria diagnosed?
The diagnosis of malaria usually begins with a blood test to confirm the presence of the parasite. Two main methods can be used.
Microscopy: A blood sample is examined under a microscope to detect the parasites.
Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT): This test provides quick results and is often used for routine diagnoses.
These tests are essential because the symptoms of malaria can resemble those of other illnesses. If you exhibit these signs and have travelled to a high-risk area, it is important to undergo these tests without delay. A swift diagnosis enables the commencement of treatment as soon as possible and helps prevent serious complications.
How is malaria treated?
Malaria is treated with medications that target the parasites responsible for the disease. Some of the most common treatments include chloroquine and artemisinin, which have proven effective against the parasites. In addition to medications, it is crucial to take preventive measures to avoid the transmission of malaria, such as using insecticide-treated mosquito nets and repellents to protect against mosquitoes. Although malaria can be severe, it is both preventable and treatable if addressed promptly.
How can malaria be prevented?
To avoid contracting malaria, especially when travelling to high-risk areas, it’s important to take preventative measures.
Light-coloured, long clothing: Wear long, light-coloured clothing, especially in the evening and at night when mosquitoes are most active.
Mosquito repellent: Apply a repellent containing DEET or icaridin to your skin to keep mosquitoes at bay.
Impregnated mosquito net: Sleep under a mosquito net treated with insecticide, particularly if air-conditioned accommodations are unavailable, as it provides effective protection against bites during the night.
Preventative medications: Before travelling, consult a pharmacist or doctor to obtain preventative medications that reduce the risk of infection.
By following these guidelines, you can reduce the risk of contracting malaria and travel with greater peace of mind in risk-prone areas.
Travel clinics and pharmacists’ role in malaria prevention
Travel clinics are crucial for preparing visits to areas where malaria is prevalent. They provide information about the disease, help you choose the right medications to prevent infection, and explain how to avoid mosquito bites. Before you depart, it is advisable to consult with a pharmacist. They can guide you on the appropriate medications and offer practical advice on measures to follow, such as using repellents and mosquito nets.
The pharmacist also ensures that you understand the importance of following the treatment correctly, even after you return, to remain protected.
The information provided does not replace the advice of a healthcare professional and does not constitute professional liability for affiliated pharmacists at Accès pharma. At the time of publication, the information presented was accurate but remains subject to change.
